Multiple-angle identities
When a single inverse trigonometric term is multiplied by an integer, we can often rewrite the result as a single inverse term in a different function. These multi-angle identities are obtained by feeding the trigonometric double-angle or triple-angle formulas through the inverse and watching the branch.
Double-angle for arctangent
2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 2 x 1 − x 2 , ∣ x ∣ < 1. 2 \tan^{-1} x = \tan^{-1} \frac{2x}{1 - x^2}, \quad |x| < 1. 2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 1 − x 2 2 x , ∣ x ∣ < 1.
For x > 1 x > 1 x > 1 : 2 tan − 1 x = π + tan − 1 2 x 1 − x 2 2 \tan^{-1} x = \pi + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 - x^2} 2 tan − 1 x = π + tan − 1 1 − x 2 2 x . For x < − 1 x < -1 x < − 1 : 2 tan − 1 x = − π + tan − 1 2 x 1 − x 2 2 \tan^{-1} x = -\pi + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 - x^2} 2 tan − 1 x = − π + tan − 1 1 − x 2 2 x .
Derivation. Let θ = tan − 1 x \theta = \tan^{-1} x θ = tan − 1 x . Then tan 2 θ = 2 tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ = 2 x 1 − x 2 \tan 2\theta = \tfrac{2 \tan\theta}{1 - \tan^2\theta} = \tfrac{2x}{1 - x^2} tan 2 θ = 1 − t a n 2 θ 2 t a n θ = 1 − x 2 2 x . The branch correction comes from whether 2 θ 2\theta 2 θ stays in ( − π / 2 , π / 2 ) (-\pi/2, \pi/2) ( − π /2 , π /2 ) .
Arctangent to arcsine and arccosine
2 tan − 1 x = sin − 1 2 x 1 + x 2 , ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1. 2 \tan^{-1} x = \sin^{-1} \frac{2x}{1 + x^2}, \quad |x| \le 1. 2 tan − 1 x = sin − 1 1 + x 2 2 x , ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1.
For x > 1 x > 1 x > 1 : 2 tan − 1 x = π − sin − 1 2 x 1 + x 2 2 \tan^{-1} x = \pi - \sin^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} 2 tan − 1 x = π − sin − 1 1 + x 2 2 x .
2 tan − 1 x = cos − 1 1 − x 2 1 + x 2 , x ≥ 0. 2 \tan^{-1} x = \cos^{-1} \frac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2}, \quad x \ge 0. 2 tan − 1 x = cos − 1 1 + x 2 1 − x 2 , x ≥ 0.
For x < 0 x < 0 x < 0 : replace by − cos − 1 1 − x 2 1 + x 2 -\cos^{-1}\tfrac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2} − cos − 1 1 + x 2 1 − x 2 .
Derivation. Use sin 2 θ = 2 tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ \sin 2\theta = \tfrac{2 \tan\theta}{1 + \tan^2\theta} sin 2 θ = 1 + t a n 2 θ 2 t a n θ and cos 2 θ = 1 − tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ \cos 2\theta = \tfrac{1 - \tan^2\theta}{1 + \tan^2\theta} cos 2 θ = 1 + t a n 2 θ 1 − t a n 2 θ with θ = tan − 1 x \theta = \tan^{-1} x θ = tan − 1 x .
Double angle for arcsine
2 sin − 1 x = sin − 1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) , ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 / 2 . 2 \sin^{-1} x = \sin^{-1}(2x \sqrt{1 - x^2}), \quad |x| \le 1/\sqrt 2. 2 sin − 1 x = sin − 1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) , ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1/ 2 .
For 1 / 2 < x ≤ 1 1/\sqrt 2 < x \le 1 1/ 2 < x ≤ 1 : 2 sin − 1 x = π − sin − 1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) 2 \sin^{-1} x = \pi - \sin^{-1}(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}) 2 sin − 1 x = π − sin − 1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) .
For − 1 ≤ x < − 1 / 2 -1 \le x < -1/\sqrt 2 − 1 ≤ x < − 1/ 2 : 2 sin − 1 x = − π − sin − 1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) 2 \sin^{-1} x = -\pi - \sin^{-1}(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}) 2 sin − 1 x = − π − sin − 1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) .
Double angle for arccosine
2 cos − 1 x = cos − 1 ( 2 x 2 − 1 ) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. 2 \cos^{-1} x = \cos^{-1}(2x^2 - 1), \quad 0 \le x \le 1. 2 cos − 1 x = cos − 1 ( 2 x 2 − 1 ) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
For − 1 ≤ x < 0 -1 \le x < 0 − 1 ≤ x < 0 : 2 cos − 1 x = 2 π − cos − 1 ( 2 x 2 − 1 ) 2 \cos^{-1} x = 2\pi - \cos^{-1}(2x^2 - 1) 2 cos − 1 x = 2 π − cos − 1 ( 2 x 2 − 1 ) .
Triple angle identities
3 sin − 1 x = sin − 1 ( 3 x − 4 x 3 ) 3 \sin^{-1} x = \sin^{-1}(3x - 4x^3) 3 sin − 1 x = sin − 1 ( 3 x − 4 x 3 ) for ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 / 2 |x| \le 1/2 ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1/2 .
3 cos − 1 x = cos − 1 ( 4 x 3 − 3 x ) 3 \cos^{-1} x = \cos^{-1}(4x^3 - 3x) 3 cos − 1 x = cos − 1 ( 4 x 3 − 3 x ) for 1 / 2 ≤ x ≤ 1 1/2 \le x \le 1 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
3 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 3 x − x 3 1 − 3 x 2 3 \tan^{-1} x = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3x - x^3}{1 - 3x^2} 3 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 1 − 3 x 2 3 x − x 3 for ∣ x ∣ < 1 / 3 |x| < 1/\sqrt 3 ∣ x ∣ < 1/ 3 .
Each comes from feeding sin 3 θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin 3 θ \sin 3\theta = 3 \sin\theta - 4 \sin^3\theta sin 3 θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin 3 θ , etc.
Worked examples
Example 1. Express 2 tan − 1 ( 1 3 ) 2 \tan^{-1}(\tfrac{1}{3}) 2 tan − 1 ( 3 1 ) as a single inverse tangent.
x = 1 / 3 x = 1/3 x = 1/3 , ∣ x ∣ < 1 |x| < 1 ∣ x ∣ < 1 . 2 tan − 1 ( 1 / 3 ) = tan − 1 2 / 3 1 − 1 / 9 = tan − 1 2 / 3 8 / 9 = tan − 1 3 4 2 \tan^{-1}(1/3) = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2/3}{1 - 1/9} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2/3}{8/9} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{4} 2 tan − 1 ( 1/3 ) = tan − 1 1 − 1/9 2/3 = tan − 1 8/9 2/3 = tan − 1 4 3 .
Example 2. Express 2 tan − 1 ( 2 ) 2 \tan^{-1}(2) 2 tan − 1 ( 2 ) .
x = 2 > 1 x = 2 > 1 x = 2 > 1 , so 2 tan − 1 2 = π + tan − 1 4 1 − 4 = π + tan − 1 ( − 4 / 3 ) = π − tan − 1 ( 4 / 3 ) 2 \tan^{-1} 2 = \pi + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{4}{1 - 4} = \pi + \tan^{-1}(-4/3) = \pi - \tan^{-1}(4/3) 2 tan − 1 2 = π + tan − 1 1 − 4 4 = π + tan − 1 ( − 4/3 ) = π − tan − 1 ( 4/3 ) .
Example 3. Show 2 tan − 1 ( 1 / 3 ) + tan − 1 ( 1 / 7 ) = π / 4 2 \tan^{-1}(1/3) + \tan^{-1}(1/7) = \pi/4 2 tan − 1 ( 1/3 ) + tan − 1 ( 1/7 ) = π /4 .
From Example 1, 2 tan − 1 ( 1 / 3 ) = tan − 1 ( 3 / 4 ) 2 \tan^{-1}(1/3) = \tan^{-1}(3/4) 2 tan − 1 ( 1/3 ) = tan − 1 ( 3/4 ) . Add: tan − 1 ( 3 / 4 ) + tan − 1 ( 1 / 7 ) = tan − 1 3 / 4 + 1 / 7 1 − 3 / 28 = tan − 1 25 / 28 25 / 28 = tan − 1 1 = π / 4 \tan^{-1}(3/4) + \tan^{-1}(1/7) = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3/4 + 1/7}{1 - 3/28} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{25/28}{25/28} = \tan^{-1} 1 = \pi/4 tan − 1 ( 3/4 ) + tan − 1 ( 1/7 ) = tan − 1 1 − 3/28 3/4 + 1/7 = tan − 1 25/28 25/28 = tan − 1 1 = π /4 .
Example 4. Show 2 sin − 1 ( 3 / 2 ) = 2 π / 3 2 \sin^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2) = 2\pi/3 2 sin − 1 ( 3 /2 ) = 2 π /3 , but directly 2 × π / 3 = 2 π / 3 2 \times \pi/3 = 2\pi/3 2 × π /3 = 2 π /3 . Apply the formula: 2 sin − 1 ( 3 / 2 ) = π − sin − 1 ( 2 ⋅ 3 / 2 ⋅ 1 / 2 ) = π − sin − 1 ( 3 / 2 ) = π − π / 3 = 2 π / 3 2 \sin^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2) = \pi - \sin^{-1}(2 \cdot \sqrt 3/2 \cdot 1/2) = \pi - \sin^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2) = \pi - \pi/3 = 2\pi/3 2 sin − 1 ( 3 /2 ) = π − sin − 1 ( 2 ⋅ 3 /2 ⋅ 1/2 ) = π − sin − 1 ( 3 /2 ) = π − π /3 = 2 π /3 . ✓ \checkmark ✓
(The formula needed the branch correction because 3 / 2 > 1 / 2 \sqrt 3/2 > 1/\sqrt 2 3 /2 > 1/ 2 .)
Example 5. Show 3 sin − 1 ( 1 / 2 ) = π / 2 3 \sin^{-1}(1/2) = \pi/2 3 sin − 1 ( 1/2 ) = π /2 . Direct: 3 × π / 6 = π / 2 3 \times \pi/6 = \pi/2 3 × π /6 = π /2 . Formula: sin − 1 ( 3 ⋅ 1 / 2 − 4 ⋅ 1 / 8 ) = sin − 1 ( 3 / 2 − 1 / 2 ) = sin − 1 1 = π / 2 \sin^{-1}(3 \cdot 1/2 - 4 \cdot 1/8) = \sin^{-1}(3/2 - 1/2) = \sin^{-1} 1 = \pi/2 sin − 1 ( 3 ⋅ 1/2 − 4 ⋅ 1/8 ) = sin − 1 ( 3/2 − 1/2 ) = sin − 1 1 = π /2 . ✓ \checkmark ✓
Example 6. Solve 2 tan − 1 ( cos x ) = tan − 1 ( 2 csc x ) 2 \tan^{-1}(\cos x) = \tan^{-1}(2 \csc x) 2 tan − 1 ( cos x ) = tan − 1 ( 2 csc x ) .
Using 2 tan − 1 y = tan − 1 2 y 1 − y 2 2 \tan^{-1} y = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2y}{1 - y^2} 2 tan − 1 y = tan − 1 1 − y 2 2 y (valid for ∣ y ∣ < 1 |y| < 1 ∣ y ∣ < 1 , which holds for cos x ∈ ( − 1 , 1 ) \cos x \in (-1, 1) cos x ∈ ( − 1 , 1 ) ):
tan − 1 2 cos x 1 − cos 2 x = tan − 1 2 cos x sin 2 x = tan − 1 ( 2 csc x ) \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2 \cos x}{1 - \cos^2 x} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2 \cos x}{\sin^2 x} = \tan^{-1}(2 \csc x) tan − 1 1 − c o s 2 x 2 c o s x = tan − 1 s i n 2 x 2 c o s x = tan − 1 ( 2 csc x ) .
So 2 cos x sin 2 x = 2 sin x \tfrac{2 \cos x}{\sin^2 x} = \tfrac{2}{\sin x} s i n 2 x 2 c o s x = s i n x 2 , giving cos x = sin x \cos x = \sin x cos x = sin x , hence x = π / 4 x = \pi/4 x = π /4 (within principal branches).
Try it yourself
Compute 2 tan − 1 ( 1 / 5 ) 2 \tan^{-1}(1/5) 2 tan − 1 ( 1/5 ) .
Compute 2 sin − 1 ( 1 / 3 ) 2 \sin^{-1}(1/3) 2 sin − 1 ( 1/3 ) as sin − 1 \sin^{-1} sin − 1 .
Compute 3 cos − 1 ( 3 / 2 ) 3 \cos^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2) 3 cos − 1 ( 3 /2 ) .
Verify 2 tan − 1 ( 1 ) = π / 2 2 \tan^{-1}(1) = \pi/2 2 tan − 1 ( 1 ) = π /2 .
Show 2 tan − 1 1 2 + tan − 1 1 7 = π / 4 2 \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{2} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{7} = \pi/4 2 tan − 1 2 1 + tan − 1 7 1 = π /4 .
Express sin − 1 2 x 1 + x 2 \sin^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} sin − 1 1 + x 2 2 x in terms of tan − 1 x \tan^{-1} x tan − 1 x .
Express cos − 1 1 − x 2 1 + x 2 \cos^{-1}\tfrac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2} cos − 1 1 + x 2 1 − x 2 in terms of tan − 1 x \tan^{-1} x tan − 1 x .
Find tan ( 2 tan − 1 ( 1 / 3 ) ) \tan(2 \tan^{-1}(1/3)) tan ( 2 tan − 1 ( 1/3 )) .
Find sin ( 2 tan − 1 ( 1 / 3 ) ) \sin(2 \tan^{-1}(1/3)) sin ( 2 tan − 1 ( 1/3 )) .
Show 3 tan − 1 1 2 = tan − 1 11 2 3 \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{2} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{11}{2} 3 tan − 1 2 1 = tan − 1 2 11 .
If tan − 1 x + 2 tan − 1 y = π / 2 \tan^{-1} x + 2 \tan^{-1} y = \pi/2 tan − 1 x + 2 tan − 1 y = π /2 , find x x x in terms of y y y .
Simplify sin ( 2 cos − 1 x ) \sin(2 \cos^{-1} x) sin ( 2 cos − 1 x ) for x ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] x \in [0, 1] x ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] .
Simplify cos ( 2 sin − 1 x ) \cos(2 \sin^{-1} x) cos ( 2 sin − 1 x ) for x ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] x \in [-1, 1] x ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] .
Solve 2 sin − 1 x = cos − 1 ( 1 − 2 x 2 ) 2 \sin^{-1} x = \cos^{-1}(1 - 2x^2) 2 sin − 1 x = cos − 1 ( 1 − 2 x 2 ) , which x x x values work, and where does the formula fail?
Pitfalls / Tricks
Every doubling formula has a sign correction when the argument leaves a key interval. Always check before applying.
2 tan − 1 x = sin − 1 2 x 1 + x 2 2 \tan^{-1} x = \sin^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} 2 tan − 1 x = sin − 1 1 + x 2 2 x is valid for ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 |x| \le 1 ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 but reverses sign for x > 1 x > 1 x > 1 .
For triple-angle formulas the valid intervals are smaller. Sketch the parent function to see the breakpoints.
Many JEE problems hinge on combining a doubling formula with a sum formula. Practise both in tandem.
Next we use these identities to solve equations.