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Multiple-angle identities

When a single inverse trigonometric term is multiplied by an integer, we can often rewrite the result as a single inverse term in a different function. These multi-angle identities are obtained by feeding the trigonometric double-angle or triple-angle formulas through the inverse and watching the branch.

Double-angle for arctangent

2tan1x=tan12x1x2,x<1.2 \tan^{-1} x = \tan^{-1} \frac{2x}{1 - x^2}, \quad |x| < 1.

For x>1x > 1: 2tan1x=π+tan12x1x22 \tan^{-1} x = \pi + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 - x^2}. For x<1x < -1: 2tan1x=π+tan12x1x22 \tan^{-1} x = -\pi + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 - x^2}.

Derivation. Let θ=tan1x\theta = \tan^{-1} x. Then tan2θ=2tanθ1tan2θ=2x1x2\tan 2\theta = \tfrac{2 \tan\theta}{1 - \tan^2\theta} = \tfrac{2x}{1 - x^2}. The branch correction comes from whether 2θ2\theta stays in (π/2,π/2)(-\pi/2, \pi/2).

Arctangent to arcsine and arccosine

2tan1x=sin12x1+x2,x1.2 \tan^{-1} x = \sin^{-1} \frac{2x}{1 + x^2}, \quad |x| \le 1.

For x>1x > 1: 2tan1x=πsin12x1+x22 \tan^{-1} x = \pi - \sin^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 + x^2}.

2tan1x=cos11x21+x2,x0.2 \tan^{-1} x = \cos^{-1} \frac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2}, \quad x \ge 0.

For x<0x < 0: replace by cos11x21+x2-\cos^{-1}\tfrac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2}.

Derivation. Use sin2θ=2tanθ1+tan2θ\sin 2\theta = \tfrac{2 \tan\theta}{1 + \tan^2\theta} and cos2θ=1tan2θ1+tan2θ\cos 2\theta = \tfrac{1 - \tan^2\theta}{1 + \tan^2\theta} with θ=tan1x\theta = \tan^{-1} x.

Double angle for arcsine

2sin1x=sin1(2x1x2),x1/2.2 \sin^{-1} x = \sin^{-1}(2x \sqrt{1 - x^2}), \quad |x| \le 1/\sqrt 2.

For 1/2<x11/\sqrt 2 < x \le 1: 2sin1x=πsin1(2x1x2)2 \sin^{-1} x = \pi - \sin^{-1}(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}).

For 1x<1/2-1 \le x < -1/\sqrt 2: 2sin1x=πsin1(2x1x2)2 \sin^{-1} x = -\pi - \sin^{-1}(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}).

Double angle for arccosine

2cos1x=cos1(2x21),0x1.2 \cos^{-1} x = \cos^{-1}(2x^2 - 1), \quad 0 \le x \le 1.

For 1x<0-1 \le x < 0: 2cos1x=2πcos1(2x21)2 \cos^{-1} x = 2\pi - \cos^{-1}(2x^2 - 1).

Triple angle identities

3sin1x=sin1(3x4x3)3 \sin^{-1} x = \sin^{-1}(3x - 4x^3) for x1/2|x| \le 1/2.

3cos1x=cos1(4x33x)3 \cos^{-1} x = \cos^{-1}(4x^3 - 3x) for 1/2x11/2 \le x \le 1.

3tan1x=tan13xx313x23 \tan^{-1} x = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3x - x^3}{1 - 3x^2} for x<1/3|x| < 1/\sqrt 3.

Each comes from feeding sin3θ=3sinθ4sin3θ\sin 3\theta = 3 \sin\theta - 4 \sin^3\theta, etc.

Worked examples

Example 1. Express 2tan1(13)2 \tan^{-1}(\tfrac{1}{3}) as a single inverse tangent.

x=1/3x = 1/3, x<1|x| < 1. 2tan1(1/3)=tan12/311/9=tan12/38/9=tan1342 \tan^{-1}(1/3) = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2/3}{1 - 1/9} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2/3}{8/9} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3}{4}.

Example 2. Express 2tan1(2)2 \tan^{-1}(2).

x=2>1x = 2 > 1, so 2tan12=π+tan1414=π+tan1(4/3)=πtan1(4/3)2 \tan^{-1} 2 = \pi + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{4}{1 - 4} = \pi + \tan^{-1}(-4/3) = \pi - \tan^{-1}(4/3).

Example 3. Show 2tan1(1/3)+tan1(1/7)=π/42 \tan^{-1}(1/3) + \tan^{-1}(1/7) = \pi/4.

From Example 1, 2tan1(1/3)=tan1(3/4)2 \tan^{-1}(1/3) = \tan^{-1}(3/4). Add: tan1(3/4)+tan1(1/7)=tan13/4+1/713/28=tan125/2825/28=tan11=π/4\tan^{-1}(3/4) + \tan^{-1}(1/7) = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{3/4 + 1/7}{1 - 3/28} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{25/28}{25/28} = \tan^{-1} 1 = \pi/4.

Example 4. Show 2sin1(3/2)=2π/32 \sin^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2) = 2\pi/3 , but directly 2×π/3=2π/32 \times \pi/3 = 2\pi/3. Apply the formula: 2sin1(3/2)=πsin1(23/21/2)=πsin1(3/2)=ππ/3=2π/32 \sin^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2) = \pi - \sin^{-1}(2 \cdot \sqrt 3/2 \cdot 1/2) = \pi - \sin^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2) = \pi - \pi/3 = 2\pi/3. \checkmark

(The formula needed the branch correction because 3/2>1/2\sqrt 3/2 > 1/\sqrt 2.)

Example 5. Show 3sin1(1/2)=π/23 \sin^{-1}(1/2) = \pi/2. Direct: 3×π/6=π/23 \times \pi/6 = \pi/2. Formula: sin1(31/241/8)=sin1(3/21/2)=sin11=π/2\sin^{-1}(3 \cdot 1/2 - 4 \cdot 1/8) = \sin^{-1}(3/2 - 1/2) = \sin^{-1} 1 = \pi/2. \checkmark

Example 6. Solve 2tan1(cosx)=tan1(2cscx)2 \tan^{-1}(\cos x) = \tan^{-1}(2 \csc x).

Using 2tan1y=tan12y1y22 \tan^{-1} y = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2y}{1 - y^2} (valid for y<1|y| < 1, which holds for cosx(1,1)\cos x \in (-1, 1)):

tan12cosx1cos2x=tan12cosxsin2x=tan1(2cscx)\tan^{-1}\tfrac{2 \cos x}{1 - \cos^2 x} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{2 \cos x}{\sin^2 x} = \tan^{-1}(2 \csc x).

So 2cosxsin2x=2sinx\tfrac{2 \cos x}{\sin^2 x} = \tfrac{2}{\sin x}, giving cosx=sinx\cos x = \sin x, hence x=π/4x = \pi/4 (within principal branches).

Try it yourself

  1. Compute 2tan1(1/5)2 \tan^{-1}(1/5).
  2. Compute 2sin1(1/3)2 \sin^{-1}(1/3) as sin1\sin^{-1}.
  3. Compute 3cos1(3/2)3 \cos^{-1}(\sqrt 3/2).
  4. Verify 2tan1(1)=π/22 \tan^{-1}(1) = \pi/2.
  5. Show 2tan112+tan117=π/42 \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{2} + \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{7} = \pi/4.
  6. Express sin12x1+x2\sin^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} in terms of tan1x\tan^{-1} x.
  7. Express cos11x21+x2\cos^{-1}\tfrac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2} in terms of tan1x\tan^{-1} x.
  8. Find tan(2tan1(1/3))\tan(2 \tan^{-1}(1/3)).
  9. Find sin(2tan1(1/3))\sin(2 \tan^{-1}(1/3)).
  10. Show 3tan112=tan11123 \tan^{-1}\tfrac{1}{2} = \tan^{-1}\tfrac{11}{2}.
  11. If tan1x+2tan1y=π/2\tan^{-1} x + 2 \tan^{-1} y = \pi/2, find xx in terms of yy.
  12. Simplify sin(2cos1x)\sin(2 \cos^{-1} x) for x[0,1]x \in [0, 1].
  13. Simplify cos(2sin1x)\cos(2 \sin^{-1} x) for x[1,1]x \in [-1, 1].
  14. Solve 2sin1x=cos1(12x2)2 \sin^{-1} x = \cos^{-1}(1 - 2x^2) , which xx values work, and where does the formula fail?

Pitfalls / Tricks

  • Every doubling formula has a sign correction when the argument leaves a key interval. Always check before applying.
  • 2tan1x=sin12x1+x22 \tan^{-1} x = \sin^{-1}\tfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} is valid for x1|x| \le 1 but reverses sign for x>1x > 1.
  • For triple-angle formulas the valid intervals are smaller. Sketch the parent function to see the breakpoints.
  • Many JEE problems hinge on combining a doubling formula with a sum formula. Practise both in tandem.

Next we use these identities to solve equations.

Practice quiz

Quick check on this topic.

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Quick check : Multiple-angle identities
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